diff --git a/icu4c/source/i18n/timezone.cpp b/icu4c/source/i18n/timezone.cpp
index 23b29f051fd..1b078a51506 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/i18n/timezone.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/i18n/timezone.cpp
@@ -994,22 +994,41 @@ TimeZone::createTimeZoneIDEnumeration(
     return TZEnumeration::create(zoneType, region, rawOffset, ec);
 }
 
+StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2
+TimeZone::createEnumeration(UErrorCode& status) {
+    return TZEnumeration::create(UCAL_ZONE_TYPE_ANY, NULL, NULL, status);
+}
+
+StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2
+TimeZone::createEnumerationForRawOffset(int32_t rawOffset, UErrorCode& status) {
+    return TZEnumeration::create(UCAL_ZONE_TYPE_ANY, NULL, &rawOffset, status);
+}
+
+StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2
+TimeZone::createEnumerationForRegion(const char* region, UErrorCode& status) {
+    return TZEnumeration::create(UCAL_ZONE_TYPE_ANY, region, NULL, status);
+}
+
+//
+// Next 3 methods are equivalent to above, but ignores UErrorCode.
+// These methods were deprecated in ICU 70.
+
 StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2
 TimeZone::createEnumeration() {
     UErrorCode ec = U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    return TZEnumeration::create(UCAL_ZONE_TYPE_ANY, NULL, NULL, ec);
+    return createEnumeration(ec);
 }
 
 StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2
 TimeZone::createEnumeration(int32_t rawOffset) {
     UErrorCode ec = U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    return TZEnumeration::create(UCAL_ZONE_TYPE_ANY, NULL, &rawOffset, ec);
+    return createEnumerationForRawOffset(rawOffset, ec);
 }
 
 StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2
-TimeZone::createEnumeration(const char* country) {
+TimeZone::createEnumeration(const char* region) {
     UErrorCode ec = U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    return TZEnumeration::create(UCAL_ZONE_TYPE_ANY, country, NULL, ec);
+    return createEnumerationForRegion(region, ec);
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------
diff --git a/icu4c/source/i18n/tzfmt.cpp b/icu4c/source/i18n/tzfmt.cpp
index 302ad8e4aa6..c16d4131682 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/i18n/tzfmt.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/i18n/tzfmt.cpp
@@ -2780,15 +2780,17 @@ static void U_CALLCONV initZoneIdTrie(UErrorCode &status) {
         status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
         return;
     }
-    StringEnumeration *tzenum = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
-    const UnicodeString *id;
-    while ((id = tzenum->snext(status)) != NULL) {
-        const UChar* uid = ZoneMeta::findTimeZoneID(*id);
-        if (uid) {
-            gZoneIdTrie->put(uid, const_cast<UChar *>(uid), status);
+    StringEnumeration *tzenum = TimeZone::createEnumeration(status);
+    if (U_SUCCESS(status)) {
+        const UnicodeString *id;
+        while ((id = tzenum->snext(status)) != NULL) {
+            const UChar* uid = ZoneMeta::findTimeZoneID(*id);
+            if (uid) {
+                gZoneIdTrie->put(uid, const_cast<UChar *>(uid), status);
+            }
         }
+        delete tzenum;
     }
-    delete tzenum;
 }
 
 
diff --git a/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/gregocal.h b/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/gregocal.h
index df037c65040..4c79944a6ff 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/gregocal.h
+++ b/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/gregocal.h
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
  * \code
  *     // get the supported ids for GMT-08:00 (Pacific Standard Time)
  *     UErrorCode success = U_ZERO_ERROR;
- *     const StringEnumeration *ids = TimeZone::createEnumeration(-8 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
+ *     const StringEnumeration *ids = TimeZone::createEnumeration(-8 * 60 * 60 * 1000, success);
  *     // if no ids were returned, something is wrong. get out.
- *     if (ids == 0 || ids->count(success) == 0) {
+ *     if (U_FAILURE(success)) {
  *         return;
  *     }
  *
diff --git a/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/timezone.h b/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/timezone.h
index 571d7e077d1..762caac94c7 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/timezone.h
+++ b/icu4c/source/i18n/unicode/timezone.h
@@ -199,15 +199,28 @@ public:
         const int32_t* rawOffset,
         UErrorCode& ec);
 
+#ifndef U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
     /**
      * Returns an enumeration over all recognized time zone IDs. (i.e.,
      * all strings that createTimeZone() accepts)
      *
      * @return an enumeration object, owned by the caller.
-     * @stable ICU 2.4
+     * @deprecated ICU 70 Use createEnumeration(UErrorCode&) instead.
      */
     static StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2 createEnumeration();
+#endif  // U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
 
+    /**
+     * Returns an enumeration over all recognized time zone IDs. (i.e.,
+     * all strings that createTimeZone() accepts)
+     *
+     * @param status Receives the status.
+     * @return an enumeration object, owned by the caller.
+     * @stable ICU 70
+     */
+    static StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2 createEnumeration(UErrorCode& status);
+
+#ifndef U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
     /**
      * Returns an enumeration over time zone IDs with a given raw
      * offset from GMT.  There may be several times zones with the
@@ -223,21 +236,57 @@ public:
      * @param rawOffset an offset from GMT in milliseconds, ignoring
      * the effect of daylight savings time, if any
      * @return an enumeration object, owned by the caller
-     * @stable ICU 2.4
+     * @deprecated ICU 70 Use createEnumerationForRawOffset(int32_t,UErrorCode&) instead.
      */
     static StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2 createEnumeration(int32_t rawOffset);
+#endif  // U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an enumeration over time zone IDs with a given raw
+     * offset from GMT.  There may be several times zones with the
+     * same GMT offset that differ in the way they handle daylight
+     * savings time.  For example, the state of Arizona doesn't
+     * observe daylight savings time.  If you ask for the time zone
+     * IDs corresponding to GMT-7:00, you'll get back an enumeration
+     * over two time zone IDs: "America/Denver," which corresponds to
+     * Mountain Standard Time in the winter and Mountain Daylight Time
+     * in the summer, and "America/Phoenix", which corresponds to
+     * Mountain Standard Time year-round, even in the summer.
+     *
+     * @param rawOffset an offset from GMT in milliseconds, ignoring
+     * the effect of daylight savings time, if any
+     * @param status Receives the status.
+     * @return an enumeration object, owned by the caller
+     * @stable ICU 70
+     */
+    static StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2 createEnumerationForRawOffset(int32_t rawOffset, UErrorCode& status);
+
+#ifndef U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
+    /**
+     * Returns an enumeration over time zone IDs associated with the
+     * given region.  Some zones are affiliated with no region
+     * (e.g., "UTC"); these may also be retrieved, as a group.
+     *
+     * @param region The ISO 3166 two-letter country code, or NULL to
+     * retrieve zones not affiliated with any region.
+     * @return an enumeration object, owned by the caller
+     * @deprecated ICU 70 Use createEnumerationForRegion(const char*,UErrorCode&) instead.
+     */
+    static StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2 createEnumeration(const char* region);
+#endif  // U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
 
     /**
      * Returns an enumeration over time zone IDs associated with the
-     * given country.  Some zones are affiliated with no country
+     * given region.  Some zones are affiliated with no region
      * (e.g., "UTC"); these may also be retrieved, as a group.
      *
-     * @param country The ISO 3166 two-letter country code, or NULL to
-     * retrieve zones not affiliated with any country.
+     * @param region The ISO 3166 two-letter country code, or NULL to
+     * retrieve zones not affiliated with any region.
+     * @param status Receives the status.
      * @return an enumeration object, owned by the caller
-     * @stable ICU 2.4
+     * @stable ICU 70
      */
-    static StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2 createEnumeration(const char* country);
+    static StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2 createEnumerationForRegion(const char* region, UErrorCode& status);
 
     /**
      * Returns the number of IDs in the equivalency group that
diff --git a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/calregts.cpp b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/calregts.cpp
index 459623be6ac..1a5a972810c 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/calregts.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/calregts.cpp
@@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ CalendarRegressionTest::test4031502()
     // This bug actually occurs on Windows NT as well, and doesn't
     // require the host zone to be set; it can be set in Java.
     UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    StringEnumeration* ids = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
-    if (ids == NULL) {
+    StringEnumeration* ids = TimeZone::createEnumeration(status);
+    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
         dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone Enumeration.");
         return;
     }
@@ -328,12 +328,12 @@ void CalendarRegressionTest::test4035301()
 void CalendarRegressionTest::test4040996()
 {
     int32_t count = 0;
-    StringEnumeration* ids = TimeZone::createEnumeration(-8 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
-    if (ids == NULL) {
+    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+    StringEnumeration* ids = TimeZone::createEnumerationForRawOffset(-8 * 60 * 60 * 1000, status);
+    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
         dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration.");
         return;
     }
-    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
     count = ids->count(status);
     (void)count;    // Suppress set but not used warning.
     SimpleTimeZone *pdt = new SimpleTimeZone(-8 * 60 * 60 * 1000, *ids->snext(status));
@@ -2682,9 +2682,13 @@ void CalendarRegressionTest::TestTimeZoneTransitionAdd() {
     UErrorCode ec = U_ZERO_ERROR;
     Locale locale(Locale::getUS()); // could also be CHINA
     SimpleDateFormat dateFormat("MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm z", locale, ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
+        dataerrln("FAIL: Constructing SimpleDateFormat");
+        return;
+    }
 
-    StringEnumeration *tz = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
-    if (tz == NULL) {
+    StringEnumeration *tz = TimeZone::createEnumeration(ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
         dataerrln("FAIL: TimeZone::createEnumeration");
         return;
     }
diff --git a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/dtfmttst.cpp b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/dtfmttst.cpp
index 18a19a4980f..18dc02af3c4 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/dtfmttst.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/dtfmttst.cpp
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ void DateFormatTest::TestWallyWedel()
      * A String array for the time zone ids.
      */
     int32_t ids_length;
-    StringEnumeration* ids = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
-    if (ids == NULL) {
+    StringEnumeration* ids = TimeZone::createEnumeration(status);
+    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
         dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration.");
         if (sdf != NULL) {
             delete sdf;
diff --git a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzfmttst.cpp b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzfmttst.cpp
index 0daa45c5a4d..9808de04cda 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzfmttst.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzfmttst.cpp
@@ -158,7 +158,11 @@ TimeZoneFormatTest::TestTimeZoneRoundTrip(void) {
         LOCALES = Locale::getAvailableLocales(nLocales);
     }
 
-    StringEnumeration *tzids = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
+    StringEnumeration *tzids = TimeZone::createEnumeration(status);
+    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
+        dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration");
+        return;
+    }
     int32_t inRaw, inDst;
     int32_t outRaw, outDst;
 
@@ -729,9 +733,12 @@ void TimeZoneFormatTest::RunAdoptDefaultThreadSafeTests(int32_t threadNumber) {
     if (threadNumber % 2 == 0) {
         for (int32_t i = 0; i < kAdoptDefaultIteration; i++) {
             std::unique_ptr<icu::StringEnumeration> timezones(
-                    icu::TimeZone::createEnumeration());
+                    icu::TimeZone::createEnumeration(status));
             // Fails with missing data.
-            if (!assertTrue(WHERE, (bool)timezones, false, true)) {return;}
+            if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
+                dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration");
+                return;
+            }
             while (const icu::UnicodeString* timezone = timezones->snext(status)) {
                 status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
                 icu::TimeZone::adoptDefault(icu::TimeZone::createTimeZone(*timezone));
@@ -1301,9 +1308,9 @@ TimeZoneFormatTest::TestFormatCustomZone(void) {
 void
 TimeZoneFormatTest::TestFormatTZDBNamesAllZoneCoverage(void) {
     UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    LocalPointer<StringEnumeration> tzids(TimeZone::createEnumeration());
-    if (tzids.getAlias() == nullptr) {
-        dataerrln("%s %d tzids is null", __FILE__, __LINE__);
+    LocalPointer<StringEnumeration> tzids(TimeZone::createEnumeration(status));
+    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
+        dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration", __FILE__, __LINE__);
         return;
     }
     const UnicodeString *tzid;
diff --git a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzregts.cpp b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzregts.cpp
index 1a38b830f7e..bc8a0029765 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzregts.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzregts.cpp
@@ -517,8 +517,8 @@ void TimeZoneRegressionTest:: Test4151406() {
         //try {
             UErrorCode ec = U_ZERO_ERROR;
             int32_t count;
-            StringEnumeration* ids = TimeZone::createEnumeration(rawoffset);
-            if (ids == NULL) {
+            StringEnumeration* ids = TimeZone::createEnumerationForRawOffset(rawoffset, ec);
+            if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
                 dataerrln("Fail: TimeZone::createEnumeration(rawoffset)");
                 continue;
             }
diff --git a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzrulets.cpp b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzrulets.cpp
index f683d8ee1b2..fbbceb4c3e9 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzrulets.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tzrulets.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ TestZIDEnumeration::TestZIDEnumeration(UBool all)
 : idx(0) {
     UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
     if (all) {
-        tzenum = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
+        tzenum = TimeZone::createEnumeration(status);
         len = tzenum->count(status);
     } else {
         tzenum = NULL;
diff --git a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tztest.cpp b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tztest.cpp
index 4b1b34820af..89b6f54fe86 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tztest.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/test/intltest/tztest.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "unicode/simpletz.h"
 #include "unicode/calendar.h"
 #include "unicode/gregocal.h"
+#include "unicode/localpointer.h"
 #include "unicode/resbund.h"
 #include "unicode/strenum.h"
 #include "unicode/uversion.h"
@@ -425,12 +426,16 @@ TimeZoneTest::TestGetAvailableIDs913()
     UnicodeString str;
     UnicodeString buf(u"TimeZone::createEnumeration() = { ");
     int32_t s_length;
-    StringEnumeration* s = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
-    if (s == NULL) {
+    StringEnumeration* s = TimeZone::createEnumeration(ec);
+    LocalPointer<StringEnumeration> tmp1(TimeZone::createEnumeration(), ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec) || s == NULL) {
         dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration");
         return;
     }
     s_length = s->count(ec);
+    if (s_length != tmp1->count(ec)) {
+        errln("TimeZone::createEnumeration() with no status args returns a different count.");
+    }
     for (i = 0; i < s_length;++i) {
         if (i > 0) buf += ", ";
         if ((i & 1) == 0) {
@@ -481,8 +486,16 @@ TimeZoneTest::TestGetAvailableIDs913()
     buf.truncate(0);
     buf += "TimeZone::createEnumeration(GMT+01:00) = { ";
 
-    s = TimeZone::createEnumeration(1 * U_MILLIS_PER_HOUR);
+    s = TimeZone::createEnumerationForRawOffset(1 * U_MILLIS_PER_HOUR, ec);
+    LocalPointer<StringEnumeration> tmp2(TimeZone::createEnumeration(1 * U_MILLIS_PER_HOUR), ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
+        dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration for GMT+1");
+        return;
+    }
     s_length = s->count(ec);
+    if (s_length != tmp2->count(ec)) {
+        errln("TimeZone::createEnumeration(GMT+01:00) with no status args returns a different count.");
+    }
     for (i = 0; i < s_length;++i) {
         if (i > 0) buf += ", ";
         buf += *s->snext(ec);
@@ -495,9 +508,17 @@ TimeZoneTest::TestGetAvailableIDs913()
     buf.truncate(0);
     buf += "TimeZone::createEnumeration(US) = { ";
 
-    s = TimeZone::createEnumeration("US");
+    s = TimeZone::createEnumerationForRegion("US", ec);
+    LocalPointer<StringEnumeration> tmp3(TimeZone::createEnumeration("US"), ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
+        dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration for US");
+        return;
+    }
     s_length = s->count(ec);
-    for (i = 0; i < s_length;++i) {
+    if (s_length != tmp3->count(ec)) {
+        errln("TimeZone::createEnumeration(\"US\") with no status args returns a different count.");
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < s_length; ++i) {
         if (i > 0) buf += ", ";
         buf += *s->snext(ec);
     }
@@ -1720,8 +1741,8 @@ void TimeZoneTest::TestCountries() {
     // Asia/Tokyo isn't.  Vice versa for the "JP" group.
     UErrorCode ec = U_ZERO_ERROR;
     int32_t n;
-    StringEnumeration* s = TimeZone::createEnumeration("US");
-    if (s == NULL) {
+    StringEnumeration* s = TimeZone::createEnumerationForRegion("US", ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
         dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration for US");
         return;
     }
@@ -1731,7 +1752,7 @@ void TimeZoneTest::TestCountries() {
     UnicodeString tokyoZone("Asia/Tokyo", "");
     int32_t i;
 
-    if (s == NULL || n <= 0) {
+    if (n <= 0) {
         dataerrln("FAIL: TimeZone::createEnumeration() returned nothing");
         return;
     }
@@ -1750,7 +1771,11 @@ void TimeZoneTest::TestCountries() {
     }
     delete s;
     
-    s = TimeZone::createEnumeration("JP");
+    s = TimeZone::createEnumerationForRegion("JP", ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
+        dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration for JP");
+        return;
+    }
     n = s->count(ec);
     la = FALSE; tokyo = FALSE;
     
@@ -1767,8 +1792,12 @@ void TimeZoneTest::TestCountries() {
         errln("FAIL: " + laZone + " in JP = " + la);
         errln("FAIL: " + tokyoZone + " in JP = " + tokyo);
     }
-    StringEnumeration* s1 = TimeZone::createEnumeration("US");
-    StringEnumeration* s2 = TimeZone::createEnumeration("US");
+    StringEnumeration* s1 = TimeZone::createEnumerationForRegion("US", ec);
+    StringEnumeration* s2 = TimeZone::createEnumerationForRegion("US", ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
+        dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration for US");
+        return;
+    }
     for(i=0;i<n;++i){
         const UnicodeString* id1 = s1->snext(ec);
         if(id1==NULL || U_FAILURE(ec)){
@@ -2118,8 +2147,8 @@ void TimeZoneTest::TestCanonicalID() {
     // Walk through equivalency groups
     UErrorCode ec = U_ZERO_ERROR;
     int32_t s_length, i, j, k;
-    StringEnumeration* s = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
-    if (s == NULL) {
+    StringEnumeration* s = TimeZone::createEnumeration(ec);
+    if (U_FAILURE(ec)) {
         dataerrln("Unable to create TimeZone enumeration");
         return;
     }
diff --git a/icu4c/source/test/perf/normperf/dtfmtrtperf.h b/icu4c/source/test/perf/normperf/dtfmtrtperf.h
index 76a2293c340..22dab949838 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/test/perf/normperf/dtfmtrtperf.h
+++ b/icu4c/source/test/perf/normperf/dtfmtrtperf.h
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ public:
         const Locale *LOCALES;
         LOCALES = testLocales;
 
-        StringEnumeration *tzids = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
+        StringEnumeration *tzids = TimeZone::createEnumeration(*status);
         if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
             //errln("tzids->count failed");
             return;
diff --git a/icu4c/source/tools/tzcode/icuzdump.cpp b/icu4c/source/tools/tzcode/icuzdump.cpp
index 783f63d22b3..78d84ff445a 100644
--- a/icu4c/source/tools/tzcode/icuzdump.cpp
+++ b/icu4c/source/tools/tzcode/icuzdump.cpp
@@ -213,7 +213,9 @@ class ZoneIterator {
 public:
     ZoneIterator(UBool bAll = false) {
         if (bAll) {
-            zenum = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
+            UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+            zenum = TimeZone::createEnumeration(status);
+            // TODO: Add error case handling later.
         }
         else {
             zenum = NULL;